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Section 5: Sample Selected-Response Questions
Languages Other Than English (LOTE) Latin (612)

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This section presents some sample exam questions for you to review as part of your preparation for the exam. To demonstrate how each competency may be assessed, sample questions are accompanied by the competency that they measure. While studying, you may wish to read the competency before and after you consider each sample question. Please note that the competency statements do not appear on the actual exam.

For each sample exam question, there is a correct answer and a rationale for each answer option. The sample questions are included to illustrate the formats and types of questions you will see on the exam; however, your performance on the sample questions should not be viewed as a predictor of your performance on the actual exam.

Domain I—Reading Comprehension

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

1. Quid diceres?

  1. are you saying
  2. did you say
  3. were you to say
  4. had you said
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. The underlined verb is imperfect subjunctive. The use of the subjunctive mood marks the question as deliberative, and the use of the imperfect tense indicates that the deliberation concerns potential action in the past. In English, deliberation about a potential past action is expressed by a past tense form of 'be' followed by the infinitive of the action verb, as in option C. The sentence may be translated "What were you to say?" Option A is incorrect. The present progressive construction indicates ongoing present action, not deliberation about potential past action. Option B is incorrect. The simple past construction indicates past action, not deliberation about potential past action. Option D is incorrect. The past perfect construction indicates action in the remote past, not deliberation about potential past action.

2. Cēpit etiam Māmercum, quī tyrannōs adiūtum in Siciliam vēnerat.

  1. to help the tyrants
  2. with the help of the tyrants
  3. having helped the tyrants
  4. by helping the tyrants
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. The underlined portion of the sentence comprises a supine in the accusative case (adiūtum) and its direct object (tyrannōs). When used with a verb of motion, such as vēnerat, an accusative supine expresses purpose. In English, purpose may be expressed by an infinitive phrase, as in option A. The sentence may be translated "He captured even Mamercus, who had come to Sicily to help the tyrants." Option B is incorrect. The prepositional phrase "with the help of" conveys manner, not purpose. Option C is incorrect. The verb phrase "having helped" conveys action, not purpose. Option D is incorrect. The prepositional phrase "by helping" conveys means, not purpose.

3. Cum plueret, tamen in agrōs profectī sumus.

  1. With
  2. When
  3. Although
  4. Since
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. The adverb tamen ("nevertheless") in the second clause indicates that the first clause has a concessive force. Translating Cum as "Although" gives the subordinate clause an appropriately concessive interpretation. The sentence may be translated "Although it was raining, we (nevertheless) went forth into the fields." Option A is incorrect. The preposition "With" cannot introduce a subordinate clause. Option B is incorrect. The conjunction "When" does not convey the concessive force of the subordinate clause. Option D is incorrect. The conjunction "Since" does not convey the concessive force of the subordinate clause.

4. Had Marcus invited her, Julia would have come to his villa.

  1. veniet
  2. veniat
  3. venīret
  4. vēnisset
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. The English sentence expresses a past contrary-to-fact condition. In Latin, a past contrary-to-fact condition is expressed by a sentence with a pluperfect subjunctive verb in both the protasis and apodosis. The verb phrase underlined in the apodosis of the English sentence should therefore be translated into Latin by a pluperfect subjunctive verb, as in option D. Option A is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate future indicative form of the verb. Option B is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate present subjunctive form of the verb. Option C is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate imperfect subjunctive form of the verb.

Domain II—Writing

Competency 003—(Language Structures): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to use a broad range of simple and complex language structures in the target language.

5. The ablative plural of prōvincia is

  1. prōvinciae
  2. prōvinciārum
  3. prōvinciās
  4. prōvinciīs
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. Prōvincia is a noun of the first declension. To obtain the ablative plural form, take the stem, prōvinci-, and add the first-declension ablative plural ending, -īs: prōvinciīs. Option A is incorrect: it presents the nominative plural form. Option B is incorrect: it presents the genitive plural form. Option C is incorrect: it presents the accusative plural form.

6. Keeping the same number and person, the perfect active indicative of fers is

  1. ferēs
  2. tuleris
  3. tulistī
  4. lātus es
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. Fers is the second-person singular present active indicative form of the irregular verb ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus. To obtain the second-person singular perfect active indicative form of the verb, take the perfect stem, tul-, and add the second-person singular ending -istī: tulistī. Option A is incorrect. It presents the second-person singular future active indicative form. Option B is incorrect. It presents the second-person singular future perfect active indicative form. Option D is incorrect. It presents the second-person singular perfect passive indicative form.

7. The masculine accusative plural comparative form of ācer is

  1. ācrius
  2. ācerrimōs
  3. ācrēs
  4. ācriōrēs
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. To obtain the masculine accusative plural comparative form of the adjective ācer, add the accusative masculine plural ending -ēs to the comparative stem ācrior-: ācriōrēs. Option A is incorrect. It presents the neuter accusative singular form of the comparative. Option B is incorrect. It presents the masculine accusative plural form of the superlative. Option C is incorrect. It presents the masculine accusative plural form of the positive.

8. The perfect infinitive of fruor is

  1. fruī
  2. fruerēre
  3. fructūs esse
  4. fruendī
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. Fruor, fruī, frūctus sum is a deponent verb—passive in form but active in meaning. To obtain the perfect infinitive, combine the perfect participle frūctus and esse, the present infinitive of the verb sum: frūctus esse. Option A is incorrect. It presents the present infinitive form. Option B is incorrect. It presents a second-person singular present indicative form. Option D is incorrect. It presents a form of the gerundive.

9. The dative singular of illa is

  1. illae
  2. illī
  3. illō
  4. illīus
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Illa is the feminine nominative singular form of the demonstrative pronoun ille. To obtain the dative singular form, take the stem, ill-, and add the dative singular ending, -ī: illī. Option A is incorrect. It presents the feminine nominative plural form. Option C is incorrect. It presents the masculine ablative singular form. Option D is incorrect. It presents the feminine genitive singular form.

10. Magnum studium antīquīs blank line religiōnis fuit.

  1. servandae
  2. servāre
  3. servantibus
  4. servārent
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. The blank requires a verbal form that can both complement the noun studium and accommodate the genitive singular noun religiōnis. Option A provides the requisite form: a gerundive in the genitive singular to complement studium and modify religiōnis. Option B is incorrect. It provides an infinitive form that can complement studium but cannot take the genitive noun religiōnis as its object. Option C is incorrect. It provides a participial form that modifies antīquīs but cannot complement studium or take religiōnis as its object. Option D is incorrect. It provides a finite verb that can neither complement studium nor take religiōnis as its object. The correctly completed sentence may be translated "Ancient people had great zeal for preserving religion."

11. Daedalus fīlium dēterrēre cōnābātur quōminus ad sōlem blank line .

  1. appropinquandum
  2. appropinquābit
  3. appropinquāret
  4. appropinquet
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. The blank requires a verb in the subjunctive mood to complete the clause of prohibition introduced by quōminus and in a secondary tense to match the secondary tense (imperfect) of the sentence's main verb, cōnābātur. Option C provides the requisite form of the verb: imperfect subjunctive. Option A is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate gerundive form of the verb. Option B is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate indicative form of the verb. Option D is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate primary-tense form of the verb (present subjunctive). The correctly completed sentence may be translated "Daedalus was trying to discourage his son from approaching the Sun."

12. Poēta nōn tam esse quam blank line sapiēns volēbat.

  1. vīsus
  2. vidērī
  3. vidēbātur
  4. videndus
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The blank requires an infinitive form of the verb to parallel the infinitive esse as a complement of the verb volēbat. Option B provides the requisite form: a present passive infinitive. Option A is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate participial form. Option C is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate finite form. Option D is incorrect. It provides a contextually inappropriate gerundive form. The correctly completed sentence may be translated "The poet wanted not so much to be as to seem wise."

13. Quantum blank line corpore et vultū geris!

  1. dignitās
  2. dignitātis
  3. dignitāti
  4. dignitātem
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The blank requires a partitive genitive to complement the neuter accusative singular substantive Quantum, the direct object of geris. Option B provides the requisite genitive singular form of the noun. Option A is incorrect. It provides a nominative singular form of the noun that cannot complement Quantum. Option C is incorrect. It provides a dative singular form of the noun that cannot complement Quantum. Option D is incorrect. It provides an accusative singular form of the noun that cannot complement Quantum. The correctly completed sentence may be translated "How much [of] dignity you bear on your body and face!"

14. Fēmina impia sē pulchriōrem deā esse putābat.

  1. sē pulchriōrem quam deam
  2. sē deae pulchriōrī
  3. deam pulchriōrem quam sē
  4. deam pulchriōrem sibi
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. The original sentence may be translated "The disrespectful woman thought she was more beautiful than the goddess." The object of comparison is expressed by deā, a noun in the ablative case. Option A yields a sentence with the same meaning but expresses the object of comparison with quam followed by deam, a noun in the accusative case, the same case as that of the comparative adjective pulchriōrem. Option B is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The disrespectful woman thought she belonged to the more beautiful goddess." Option C is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The disrespectful woman thought the goddess was more beautiful than she herself was." Option D is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The disrespectful woman thought the more beautiful goddess belonged to her."

15. Deus virō hostiam immolantī pepercit.

  1. quī hostiam immolābat
  2. cuius hostia immolāta est
  3. hostiam immolandō
  4. hostiā immolātā
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. The original sentence may be translated "The god spared the man (who was) sacrificing the animal." The verb pepercit takes as its object the dative noun virō, which is modified by the participial phrase hostiam immolantī. Option A yields a sentence with the same meaning but substitutes the relative clause quī hostiam immolābat for the original participial phrase. Option B is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The god spared the man whose animal was sacrificed." Option C is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The god spared the man by sacrificing the animal." Option D is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The god spared the man by means of a sacrificed animal."

16. Dux mīlitēs ad oppidum dēfendendum mīsit.

  1. ut oppidum dēfendēbatur
  2. oppidum dēfendentēs
  3. ad oppidum quod dēfenderant
  4. quī oppidum dēfenderent
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. The original sentence may be translated "The commander sent the soldiers to defend the town." Purpose is expressed by the prepositional phrase ad oppidum dēfendendum. Option D yields a sentence with the same meaning but substitutes the relative clause of purpose quī oppidum dēfenderent for the original prepositional phrase. Option A is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The commander sent the soldiers as the town was being defended." Option B is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The commander sent the soldiers (who were) defending the town." Option C is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "The commander sent the soldiers to the town that they had defended."

17. start underline Coniūrātiōne patefactā end underline, sodālēs ex urbe profūgērunt.

  1. Coniūrātiōnem patefaciendō
  2. Cum coniūrātiō patefacta esset
  3. Coniūrātiōnem patefacientēs
  4. Ut coniūrātiō patefacerētur
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The original sentence may be translated "When the conspiracy was exposed, the comrades fled from the city." The ablative absolute construction Coniūrātiōne patefactā describes the circumstances that preceded the action of the main clause. Option B yields a sentence with the same meaning but substitutes the circumstantial clause Cum coniūrātiō patefacta esset for the original ablative absolute construction. Option A is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "By exposing the conspiracy, the comrades fled from the city." Option C is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "Exposing the conspiracy, the comrades fled from the city." Option D is incorrect. It yields a sentence with a different meaning than the original: "In order to expose the conspiracy, the comrades fled from the city."

Domain III—Cultural Understanding

Competency 004—(Intercultural and Cross-cultural Connections): The beginning teacher of Latin understands the connections between the Latin language and Roman culture and history, including the interactions among cultural products, practices and perspectives within Roman culture and history.

18. The reform efforts of Tiberius Gracchus focused primarily on

  1. land redistribution
  2. expansion of voting rights
  3. military recruitment
  4. humane treatment of slaves
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune of the people in 133 b.c.e. and sponsored legislation that would redistribute public lands to landless laborers. Option B is incorrect: Gracchus' reform efforts did not focus on the expansion of voting rights. Option C is incorrect: Gracchus' reform efforts did not focus on military recruitment. Option D is incorrect: Gracchus' reform efforts did not focus on the humane treatment of slaves.

19. Which of the following Roman magistrates was exempt from a tribune's ius intercessionis?

  1. Consul
  2. Dictator
  3. Censor
  4. Praetor
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Tribunes of the people were empowered by ius intercessionis (right of intervention) to veto proposals made by all magistrates except a dictator, who was entrusted with extraordinary powers to address state emergencies. Option A is incorrect. A consul was subject to a tribune's veto. Option C is incorrect. A censor was subject to a tribune's veto. Option D is incorrect. A praetor was subject to a tribune's veto.

20. Which Roman magistrates oversaw the maintenance of public buildings and regulation of public festivals?

  1. Censors
  2. Praetors
  3. Aediles
  4. Quaestors
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. Aediles were elected officials responsible for public works and games and the supervision of markets and the water supply. Option A is incorrect. Censors were responsible for maintaining the census and supervising public morality, but they did not maintain buildings or regulate festivals. Option B is incorrect. Praetors had military or judicial duties but did not maintain buildings or regulate festivals. Option D is incorrect. Quaestors supervised the treasury and conducted audits, but they did not maintain buildings or regulate festivals.

21. The Via Appia extended from Rome to

  1. Genoa
  2. Ostia
  3. Rhegium
  4. Brundisium
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. The Appian Way stretched some 350 miles southeast from Rome to Brundisium, a major trading port on the Adriatic Sea. Option A is incorrect. The Appian Way did not extend to Genoa, northwest of Rome. Option B is incorrect. The Appian Way did not extend to Ostia, west of Rome. Option C is incorrect. The Appian Way did not extend as far south as Rhegium, on the toe of Italy.

22. In which area of a Roman domus was household business typically transacted?

  1. The culina
  2. The tablinum
  3. The cubiculum
  4. The triclinium
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The tablinum was an office, centrally situated in a Roman house between the atrium and peristylium, where documents (tabulae) relating to the family's affairs were drafted and preserved and where clients came to discuss business with the paterfamilias. Option A is incorrect. The culina was a kitchen. Option C is incorrect. The cubiculum was a bedroom. Option D is incorrect. The triclinium was a dining room.

23. What was the cognomen of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Africanus?

  1. Gnaeus
  2. Cornelius
  3. Scipio
  4. Africanus
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. The famous general's cognomen was Scipio, a name that distinguished a branch of the Cornelius clan. Option A is incorrect. Gnaeus was the general's praenomen. Option B is incorrect. Cornelius was the general's nomen. Option D is incorrect. Africanus was the general's agnomen, an honorific commemorating his victory in a war with the African state of Carthage.

24. Which of the following is best known as a writer of didactic poetry?

  1. Terence
  2. Lucretius
  3. Propertius
  4. Statius
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Didactic poetry is verse whose primary purpose is to instruct rather than entertain the reader or express the poet's own feelings. Lucretius was the author of the epic poem De Rerum Natura, which expounds the philosophical doctrines of Epicurus. Option A is incorrect. Terence wrote comedies but did not write didactic poetry. Option C is incorrect. Propertius wrote lyric, not didactic poetry. Option D is incorrect. Statius wrote epic verse on mythic subjects and occasional poems on contemporary topics, but did not write didactic poetry.

25. According to Greco-Roman mythology, the Palladium was

  1. a statue of Minerva
  2. a shield of Mars
  3. an Olympian fortress
  4. a magical scepter
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. According to the Aeneid and other ancient sources, the Palladium was a statue of Pallas Athena (= Minerva) believed to protect the city of Troy, warding off destruction so long as it remained in the Trojans' safekeeping. Option B is incorrect. The Palladium was not a shield of Mars. Option C is incorrect. The Palladium was not an Olympian fortress. Option D is incorrect. The Palladium was not a magical scepter.

Questions Based on Passages

Read the passage below; then answer questions #26–30 that follow.

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

26. The subjunctive verb cernam (line 1) occurs in

  1. a clause of fearing
  2. an indirect command
  3. an indirect question
  4. a clause of prohibition
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. In line 1, Ariadne says "I look to see whether (sī) I can discern (cernam) anything but shore." The conjunction sī introduces an indirect question dependent on the main verb spectō. Option A is incorrect. The conjunction sī cannot introduce a clause of fearing. Option B is incorrect. The conjunction sī cannot introduce an indirect command. Option D is incorrect. The conjunction sī cannot introduce a clause of prohibition.

Competency 002—(Inferential and Interpretive Analysis of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to infer, interpret and evaluate meaning from a variety of authentic materials written in the target language.

27. The metrical pattern of the first four feet of line 3 (Nunc . . . currō) is

  1. spondee–spondee–dactyl–spondee
  2. spondee–spondee–dactyl–dactyl
  3. spondee–dactyl–spondee–dactyl
  4. spondee–dactyl–dactyl–dactyl
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Line 3 is scanned as follows:

Annotated line 3 description follows

In the first foot, Nunc is long by position (two consonants after the vowel) and hūc is long by nature; the first foot is therefore a spondee. In the second foot, nunc is long by position, and the first syllable of illūc is long by position; the second foot is therefore a spondee. In the third foot, the second syllable of illūc is long by nature, et is short, and the first syllable of utrōque is short (the liquid -r- does not count as a consonant, so the syllable is not long by position); the third foot is therefore a dactyl. In the fourth foot, the second syllable of utrōque is long by nature, the last syllable of utrōque is short, and the first syllable of sine is short; the fourth foot is therefore a dactyl. (The final vowel of sine is elided before the initial vowel of ōrdine in the fifth foot.) Option A is incorrect. The fourth foot is a dactyl, not a spondee. Option C is incorrect. The second foot is a spondee, not a dactyl, and the third foot is a dactyl, not a spondee. Option D is incorrect. The second foot is a spondee, not a dactyl.

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

28. In line 5, clāmantī functions as a dative of

  1. agent
  2. purpose
  3. possession
  4. indirect object
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. In lines 5-6, Ariadne says "Meanwhile, the cavernous rocks were returning (reddēbant) your name (nōmen) to the one calling (clāmantī) 'Theseus!' on the whole shore." The participle clāmantī, which refers to Ariadne herself, is the indirect object of reddēbant. Option A is incorrect. An active verb like reddēbant cannot take a dative of agent. Option B is incorrect. The participle clāmantī refers to a specific person (Ariadne) at a particular moment, not to an object or abstraction that serves a general purpose. Option C is incorrect. There is no form of the verb esse in the sentence, as would be required in a dative of possession construction.

29. The gender, case, and number of concava (line 6) are

  1. feminine nominative singular
  2. feminine vocative singular
  3. neuter nominative plural
  4. neuter accusative plural
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. Line 6 may be translated "the cavernous rocks (concava saxa) were returning your name." The adjective concava modifies the neuter plural noun saxa, which, as the subject of the verb reddēbant, must be nominative. Option A is incorrect. There is no feminine nominative noun in the sentence for concava to modify. Option B is incorrect. There is no feminine vocative noun in the sentence for concava to modify. Option D is incorrect. There is no neuter accusative plural noun in the sentence for concava to modify.

Competency 002—(Inferential and Interpretive Analysis of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to infer, interpret and evaluate meaning from a variety of authentic materials written in the target language.

30. A literary device found in line 8 (ipse . . . opem) is

  1. simile
  2. litotes
  3. asyndeton
  4. personification
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. Personification is the attribution of a human characteristic to an inanimate object. Ariadne suggests that by echoing her desperate calls to Theseus, the rocks on the shore were consciously trying to help her, saying in lines 7–8 "as many times as I called you, so many times the place itself called you; the place itself wanted to bring aid to a wretched woman." Option A is incorrect. There is no comparison in line 8. Option B is incorrect. There is no double negation in line 8. Option C is incorrect. There is no coordination of words, phrases, or clauses in line 8, so the absence of a coordinating conjunction does not constitute asyndeton.

Read the passage below; then answer questions #31–35 that follow.

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

31. As used in line 1, Incidit would be best translated

  1. fell into
  2. cut short
  3. occurred
  4. attacked
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option C is correct. Because Incidit lacks a direct object, it must be construed in an intransitive sense, as in option C. The first sentence of the passage may be translated "The Caesarian civil war occurred when Atticus was about sixty years old." Option A is incorrect. A translation of "fell into" would require that Incidit have a direct object denoting something into which the civil war fell. Option B is incorrect. It confuses Incidit (from incidere, meaning fall into, fall upon, or happen) with Incīdit (from incīdere, meaning cut into). Option D is incorrect. A translation of "attacked" would require that Incidit have a direct object denoting something that the civil war attacked.

32. The passage suggests that Atticus was able to avoid active involvement in the civil war by

  1. using his wealth and influence
  2. moving away from Rome
  3. marrying into Pompey's family
  4. citing his advanced age
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. The passage indicates that at a time when his friends were obliged to leave Rome for Pompey's military camp, Atticus "used the exemption of old age (aetātis vacātiōne) and did not move out of the city." Option A is incorrect. The passage does not mention wealth in connection with Atticus' exemption from service. Option B is incorrect. The passage indicates that Atticus did not move away from Rome at the outbreak of the war. Option C is incorrect. The passage does not indicate whom Atticus married.

33. According to the passage, Atticus provided his friends with

  1. whatever they needed
  2. work on his family estate
  3. political offices
  4. great wealth
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. The third sentence of the passage may be translated "All that his friends had needed (amīcīs suīs opus fuerant) as they set out to join Pompey he (Atticus) gave from his own possessions." Option B is incorrect. The passage does not suggest that Atticus employed his friends. In context, opus refers to need, not work, and rē familiārī refers to Atticus' household possessions, not his family estate. Option C is incorrect. The passage indicates that it was Pompey, not Atticus, who had secured political offices (honōrēs) for his friends. Option D is incorrect. The passage indicates that it was Pompey, not Atticus, who had secured wealth (dīvitiās) for his friends.

Competency 002—(Inferential and Interpretive Analysis of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to infer, interpret and evaluate meaning from a variety of authentic materials written in the target language.

34. The passage implies that Atticus' friends joined the Pompeian army because

  1. they despised Caesar
  2. they felt beholden to Pompey
  3. they wished to preserve the Republic
  4. Atticus had persuaded them to do so
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The fifth sentence of the passage indicates that while Atticus himself had received no favor (Nūllum ōrnāmentum) from Pompey and could therefore remain neutral, his friends had received offices or wealth through Pompey's influence (per eum aut honōrēs aut dīvitiās cēperant) and therefore felt compelled to go to his camp (invītissimī castra sunt secūtī). Option A is incorrect. The passage gives no indication of how Atticus' friends felt about Caesar. Option C is incorrect. The passage gives no indication of Atticus' friends' political attitudes. Option D is incorrect. While the passage states that Atticus provided material necessities to his friends who were going to join Pompey's army, it does not indicate that he had advised them to go.

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

35. The antecedent of quōrum (line 9) is

  1. omnia (line 5)
  2. cēterī (line 7)
  3. honōrēs (line 8)
  4. dīvitiās (line 8)
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. The last sentence of the passage states that Atticus was unlike "the others (cēterī) . . . some of whom (quōrum) followed Pompey to his camp most unwillingly." Option A is incorrect. The antecedent of quōrum must denote human beings; omnia denotes material possessions. Option C is incorrect. The antecedent of quōrum must denote human beings; honōrēs denotes political offices. Option D is incorrect. The antecedent of quōrum must denote human beings; dīvitiās denotes material wealth.

Read the passage below; then answer questions #36–40 that follow.

Competency 001—(Literal Comprehension of Written Communication): The beginning teacher of Latin demonstrates the ability to understand the literal content of authentic materials written in the target language.

36. The case and number of divum (line 2) are

  1. nominative singular
  2. accusative singular
  3. nominative plural
  4. genitive plural
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. In line 2, dīvum is to be construed as the syncopated genitive plural form (= dīvōrum) of the noun dīvus ('god'). It complements the noun phrase effigiēs sacrae: "the holy images of the gods." Option A is incorrect. The nominative singular of dīvus is dīvus, not dīvum. Option B is incorrect. The syntactic context does not allow dīvum to be construed as accusative. Option C is incorrect. The nominative plural of dīvus is dīvī, not dīvum.

37. In line 4, iacentis refers to

  1. Troy
  2. Aeneas
  3. the moon
  4. household gods
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Lines 4–5 indicate that the household gods "seemed to stand before the eyes of the one lying (iacentis) in sleep." Since Aeneas is narrating his own dream, the substantivized participle iacentis must refer to him. Option A is incorrect. It is not the city of Troy that is lying in sleep. Option C is incorrect. It is not the moon that is lying in sleep. Option D is incorrect. It is not the household gods that are lying in sleep.

38. The antecedent of sē (line 5) is

  1. penātēs (line 2)
  2. iacentis (line 4)
  3. somnīs (line 5)
  4. lūna (line 6)
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option D is correct. Lines 5–6 indicate that the household gods seemed to appear "manifest in plenteous light, where the full moon (lūna) poured itself (sē) through the encased windows. As direct object of the verb fundēbat, the reflexive pronoun sē must refer to lūna, the subject of the same verb. Option A is incorrect. The noun penātēs is not the subject of fundēbat and therefore is not the antecedent of sē. Option B is incorrect. The participle iacentis is not the subject of fundēbat and therefore is not the antecedent of sē. Option C is incorrect. The noun somnīs is not the subject of fundēbat and therefore is not the antecedent of sē.

39. According to line 7, how do the visitors' words affect Aeneas?

  1. They allay his concerns.
  2. They strike him dumb.
  3. They rouse him to action.
  4. They deepen his confusion.
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option A is correct. In line 7 Aeneas relates how the household gods who visited his dreams seemed "to address [me] in this way and take away [my] cares with these words (dictīs)." The words of the visitors thus allayed Aeneas' concerns. Option B is incorrect. Line 7 does not indicate that Aeneas was dumbstruck. Option C is incorrect. Line 7 does not indicate that Aeneas was roused to action. Option D is incorrect. Line 7 does not indicate that Aeneas became more confused than before.

40. In context, line 8 (Quod . . . Apollo est) would be best translated

  1. Which Apollo, when he is brought to Ortygia, will say to you
  2. What Apollo is going to say to you when you are brought to Ortygia
  3. Because Apollo is going to tell you when you are brought to Ortygia
  4. The fact that Apollo will tell you of Ortygia when you are brought to him
Enter to expand or collapse answer.Answer expanded
Option B is correct. Line 8 is a relative clause that serves as the direct object of the verb canit in line 9. The relative pronoun Quod ("What") is the direct object of the verb dictūrus est ("is going to say") whose subject is Apollō (Apollo). The indirect object tibi ("to you") is modified by the participial phrase dēlātō Ortygiam ("having been brought to Ortygia"). Option A is incorrect. It misconstrues the dative participial phrase dēlātō Ortygiam as modifying the nominative noun Apollō. Option C is incorrect. It misconstrues the relative pronoun Quod as a conjunction meaning "Because." Option D is incorrect. It misconstrues the relative pronoun Quod as a conjunction meaning "The fact that."